Should Prison Be A Criminal Detention Facility - 871 Words

Americans work their butt’s off for theirs families. They do their best to provide for their families, and pay their taxes to be exemplary citizens. That money we pay the government, we hope its put to good use, wether its for roads or schools etc. we hope its to develop our country in a positive way. Yet, we cant help the fact that so much of our money goes to keeping people in jail alive. We pay to keep the citizen that are not exemplary, alive. It is understandable that jail is a criminal detention facility, but must we pay to keep them in there? The only criminals we should pay for to stay in jail are those that are murderers and rapist, the first degree offenders. Actually, those types of criminals should not even be allowed to live if they took another persons life, so why not give them the death sentence? The death sentence is a form of punishment for the criminals that create first degree offenses or worse. That is the ultimate punishment. It began in the Eighteenth Ce ntury B.C. when death penalty laws were first put in place. In the Eleventh Century A.D. William â€Å"the Conqueror† would not allow people to be hanged except in cases of murder. Then in 1608 Captain George Kendall became the first recorded execution in the U.S. Over time history changed and new rules were made for the Death Penalty. The constitution eventually came to be, and abolitionist believed that America had evolved within morality standards, away from the death penalty and petitioned to repeal it.Show MoreRelatedThe Role Of Private Prisons During The United States901 Words   |  4 PagesIn our nation’s history, the use of private prisons has played a major role in domestic slave trading. The 13th Amendment officially abolished slavery in 1865. However, due to the plain language of the 13th Amendment, it is be interpreted in a way that allows slavery so long as it is used as criminal punishment. 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However, in the recentRead MoreJust Mercy Essays : Juveniles Being Tried As Adults1407 Words   |  6 Pagesemphasizes the dangers and consequences that juveniles face when they are tried as adults. Zeidenberg states the consequences of juveniles being raped, assaulted, committing suicide and the effects of being victimized. Children who are housed in the same facility as Adults is not a good idea nor a good mix, according to Zeidenberg a â€Å"15-year-old girl was sexually assaulted in Ohio by a deputy after she was placed in an adult jail for a minor in fraction.† â€Å"In Kentucky, a 15-year-old boy was placed in a jailRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is The Highest Rate For Juvenile Crime1733 Words   |  7 Pagesdelinquents varies depending on the country. Even the age of criminal responsibility is different depending on the country. Most people think when you become 18 you are no longer a minor and can be charged as an adult, well in Japan until you are 20 you can still be charged as a minor. In germany they consider 21 a legal adult .On the other hand when you become 17 in Australia you are charged as an adult. They way they treat juveniles in prison also differs. The punishments they receive, the programsRead MoreCriminal Justice : Should All Criminals Be Treated The Same?1472 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal Justice: Should All Criminals be Treated the Same In 2009, the FBI states that 11 percent of all violent crime clearances and seventeen percent property crime clearances involved only youth (qtd. in Campaign for Youth Justice). Meaning that a little over eighty percent of all crime was done by adults. The FBI also notes that the rate of adult crime has only gone down one percent over the past decade, as where juvenile crime has gone down more than twenty percent (qtd. in CampaignRead MoreThe Death Of South Korea1667 Words   |  7 Pagesfire when it was discovered, and the woman had been stabbed in the neck and torso. Besides, when he was arrested, he had a list of 28 more people he was going to murder in his pocket. Much of the public was really surprised that Kim had 22 previous criminal convictions since he was a teenager. However, what has drawn little notice is that no visiting record is found for his 18 years imprisonment. According to record, Kim was born the fifth of seven children in 1967 at poor shantytown. When he was 7th

Name Marley Mullen. Per 6. The Good Life Argumentative

Name: Marley Mullen Per: 6 The Good Life Argumentative Essay Mae West, an American actress and screenwriter, once said that â€Å"you only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough†. However, people have different philosophies of what the â€Å"right† way to live life is. Priorities and routines differ for most people and some believe that because the way that they live works for them, they should encourage other to live in a similar way, like Thomas Jefferson, Machiavelli, and Pema Chodron. While Jefferson and Machiavelli exhibit strong arguments through their use of argumentative strategies, Chodron’s document â€Å"Start Where You Are† is the most effective of the three in terms of evidence-usage, connecting to the audience, and overall†¦show more content†¦Although one may question the credibility of this piece of evidence, due to the fact that the specifics of the teacher aren’t explicitly stated, the author focused on what was truly important about this line: what the teacher said to he r, not who the teacher was. Also, one could infer that the teacher was one who taught Buddhist traditions, considering that this is what Chodron discusses throughout the document when going in depth about her ideology of life. While Chodron displayed strength in her evidence through her use of argument strategies like pathos and logos, her argument is slightly faltered by the use of fallacies in her document. For example, one of the most prevalent fallacies that can be found in her document is where she discusses the various stepped programs and how the number of steps seems to increase exponentially, even though all of these programs have the same endgame in mind; her assumption that a program with over 100 steps will not be too far away is what makes this a slippery slope fallacy (Chodron 2). Although she may not necessarily be incorrect in her assumption, she doesn’t cite any specific evidence or sources that would potentially help her claim, so it ends up lacking credibil ity.

Opportunistic Smoking Cessation Intervention Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

This essay provides a brooding history of the bringing of an timeserving smoke surcease intercession. In building this history, Gibbs ( 1988 ) theoretical account of contemplation has been utilised, which incorporates the undermentioned constituents: description ; feelings ; rating ; analysis ; decision ; and action program. Whilst shadowing a pattern nurse, I was provided with the chance to implement a brief smoke surcease intercession with a patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Opportunistic Smoking Cessation Intervention Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The patients name will non be used, in regard of confidentiality ( NMC Code, 2008 ; NHS Confidentiality Code of Practice, DH 2003 ) , nevertheless, for the intent of this contemplation she will be referred to by the anonym Sarah. Sarah is a 65-year old female presenting with a figure of wellness issues. She is an fleshy tobacco user who has late been diagnosed with chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) , a lung disease characterised by the narrowing of the air passages. COPD besides refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, the latter of which Sarah has been diagnosed with. It is emphysema that is Sarah ‘s primary wellness job at nowadays. The wellness publicity scheme adopted was a brief intercession consisting motivational interviewing ( Rollnick, Miller and Butler, 2007 ) , which took topographic point within the pattern surgery as portion of Sarah ‘s audience. Motivational Interviewing is a directing patient-centered manner of reding designed to assist people decide ambivalency about behavior alteration, such as smoking surcease. Alongside motivational interviewing, some specific props and learning AIDSs were utilized, including the proviso of evidence-based information, the creative activity of a COPD self-management program ( British Lung Foundation, 2010 ) , and inside informations of helpful resources Sarah could use for farther support. This included the Surrey NHS Stop Smoking Service ( www.surreyquit.net ) , which offers free NHS support tailored to the person ( i.e. hebdomadal clinic visits or telephone contact ) . Feelingss I was ab initio rather dying about this wellness publicity chance, as I was non confident in my ability to supply constructive support in the limited clip we had. However, on originating a conversation with Sarah, utilizing unfastened inquiries as recommended within motivational interviewing, the anxiousness disappeared as I listened to Sarah ‘s narrative. Active hearing requires concentration, which in bend focused me on how I might be able to assist Sarah. In set uping that Sarah was concerned for her grandchildren, who stayed with her quite often and were therefore around 2nd manus fume, this provided an ground tackle to ease the development of Sarah ‘s motive to alter. In bend, this ground tackle besides provided me with a patient-centred method for alleviating my frights, since I had found a manner of prosecuting Sarah in the procedure. Interestingly, as Sarah ‘s motive grew, so did my ain motive to guarantee that Sarah gained every bit much from this brief intercession as possible. With every inquiry that I could reply, I gained in assurance and enjoyed my function as ‘educator ‘ and ‘learner ‘ within the collaborative partnership between myself and Sarah. In this sense, the collaborative attack that underlies motivational interviewing and much of health care pattern today can profit both the patient and health care supplier. My overall feelings sing the interaction with Sarah are one of fulfillment. I feel I positively contributed to this patients increased decide to halt smoke for both herself and her household. Evaluation Motivational interviewing was selected as the most appropriate wellness publicity intercession for Sarah for a figure of grounds. First, grounds sing behaviors alteration and, in peculiar, smoking surcease, shows that degree of motive is an of import factor in inventing the best wellness publicity method or instruction program for a patient ( Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross, 1993 ) . This attack takes into consideration humanist larning theory and the rules of autonomous acquisition. Harmonizing to Prochaska et Al. ‘s ( 1983 ) five phases of behavior alteration, Sarah presently resides in phase 2 of the undermentioned phases: Phase 1 ( pre-contemplation ) is when the person does non mean to alter behavior ; Stage 2 ( contemplation ) is when an person is sing alteration ; Stage 3 ( readying ) is serious resoluteness to ship on smoking surcease ; Stage 4 ( action phase ) is the first few important hebdomads and months where an person is actively taking positive actions towards smoking surcease ; and Stage 5 ( care ) is about 6-months to 5-years after the induction of the smoke surcease determination, where behavior alteration has been sustained. Bing in the contemplation phase suggests that Sarah still has some unsolved ambivalency about alteration and therefore demands help traveling to present 3, where she can get down to fix for smoking surcease. If I had started to assist Sarah program for smoking surcease before she was ready, this could hold been damaging in both the short- and long-run. For illustration, it has been shown that get the better ofing the hurdlings associated with smoking surcease can increase an person ‘s self-efficacy ( i.e. assurance ) in their ability to win at their quit effort, which in bend Acts of the Apostless to cut down the likeliness of a backsliding and increase the likeliness of long-run sustained smoke surcease ( Schnoll et al. , 2010 ) . If Sarah was pushed towards a quit effort before prepared, her hazard of backsliding would hold been high ; this would hold finally reduced her assurance to seek once more. The passage from the contemplation phase to the readying phase has been cited as being critically of import to the result of quit efforts ( Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross, 1993 ) , as has the fact that healthcare professionals can be highly influential at this phase Long et al. , 1996 ) . I considered motivational interviewing to be cardinal to act uponing Sarah ‘s determinations sing smoke surcease since it was designed specifically to assist people decide ambivalency about behavior alteration, which is the chief feature of people in the contemplation phase of motive. Motivational interviewing can accomplish the resoluteness of ambivalency by avoiding confrontation and steering people towards taking to alter their behaviour themselves. I was cognizant that motivational interviewing would necessitate to be accompanied by elaborate instruction about smoke-related wellness issues and the likely class of COPD, together with possible complications and its association with increased morbidity and mortality. Sarah is an intelligent person and lament to have such information and reading stuff. Unfortunately, nevertheless, I was unable to reply all of her inquiries. In peculiar, I could non reply her inquiries sing the pathophysiology of smoke. Unanswered inquiries can move as a barrier to come on, something which I do non wish to bring forth in a patient who requires such barriers taking. Fortunately, I was able to reply Sarah ‘s inquiries whilst mentioning to an educational information cusp. I do, nevertheless, feel that I would hold been able to prosecute with Sarah more efficaciously if it had non been necessary for me to concentrate my attending on the cusp before me. It became evident throughout the audience that although Sarah was most surely sing discontinuing smoke, she possessed some traits that might impede her attempts. In peculiar, Sarah appeared to hold an external wellness venue of control. This means that she attributes control over her behavior to external factors as opposed to internal factors. It is good documented within the literature that an internal venue of control is more productive to behaviour alteration and healthier lifestyle picks ( Wallston and Wallston, 1978 ; Tones et al. , 1992 ) . Taking this into consideration, I was aware to admit Sarah ‘s control over her picks. In one case, I used her hubby as an illustration since Sarah had informed me that her hubby had quit smoke. I asked her how he managed to accomplish this and in recognizing her hubby ‘s function in his ain smoke surcease, Sarah appeared to be seting her venue of control towards a more internal one. However, Sarah ‘s self-efficacy remained low throughout the audience despite efforts to hike her assurance. It is believed that increased self-efficacy, which can be achieved via motivational interviewing, is an of import factor involved in the success of smoking surcease ( Brown et al. , 2003 ; Karatay et al. , 2010 ) , therefore I felt this was an of import facet to include in Sarah ‘s self-management attention program – to put herself an accomplishable end each hebdomad that would bit by bit construct her assurance. Analysis The Department of Health have been working with the NHS, patients, and health care professionals since 2005 to develop a scheme to better the attention and results of people with COPD ( DH, 2010 ) . This scheme places a big focal point on the bar and intervention of smoke, every bit good as the importance of supplying patients who have COPD with behavioral support and entree to halt smoke services. The Department of Health ( 2009 ) have produced counsel on effectual halt smoke services, offering three degrees of behavioral intercession: brief intercessions ( level one ) ; intensive one-to-one support and advice ( flat two ) ; and group intercessions ( flat three ) . In footings of degree one, brief intercessions, the National Institute of Clinical Excellent ( NICE ) have published guidelines and recommendations for smoking surcease ( NICE, 2004 ) . Furthermore, old UK counsel has emphasised the importance of offering timeserving, brief advice to promote all tobacco users to discontinue and to signpost them to resources and interventions that might assist them ( West, 2005 ) . They Department of Health counsel provinces that all tobacco users should be advised to discontinue and asked if they are interested in discontinuing ; this is unless there are exceeding fortunes such as other medical conditions that might impede smoking surcease. Those who are interested in discontinuing should so be offered a referral to an intensive, flat two, support service such as NHS Stop Smoking Services. Sarah was referred to the Surrey service and informed of the success rates found for NHS Stop Smoking Services. There is grounds that such services are effectual in the short-run ( 4-weeks ) and the long-run ( 52-weeks ) ; so, between 13-23 % of successful short-run quitters remain abstentious at 52-weeks ( NICE, 2007 ) . Approximately 900,000 people in England and Wales have been diagnosed with COPD ( NICE, 2004 ) and it is the 5th most common cause of decease in the UK, ensuing in over 30,000 deceases yearly ( National Statistics, 2006 ) . By 2020, it is estimated that COPD will be the 3rd most common cause of mortality worldwide ( Lopez et al. , 2006 ) . Smoke is the largest hazard factor for developing COPD, with 20 % of long-run tobacco users finally developing clinically important degrees of the disease and 80 % developing lung harm ( Garcia-Aymerich et al. , 2003 ) . These statistics highlight the urgency of hold oning timeserving wellness publicity and utilising brief intercession accomplishments to assist present the DH scheme and better the attention and outcomes provided to people with COPD. Delivering brief timeserving intercessions for smoking surcease requires an attack that does non make defensiveness but develops a patient/provider partnership conductive of the patient doing their ain determinations, with support, as to their life style. Motivational interviewing and consideration of single patient features and traits ( i.e. venue of control, phase of preparedness to alter, etc. ) provides a method of accomplishing this partnership within limited clip and resources, as is frequently the instance in busy health care environments. Learning the accomplishments within motivational interviewing will add to a healthcare professional ‘s repertory of techniques for back uping patients through behaviour alteration, as I found in the instance reflected upon within this essay. Action Plan The UKCC Code of Professional Conduct ( 1992 ) proposes that nurses should â€Å" keep and better her professional cognition and competency. † In relation to my ain cognition and competency in timeserving wellness publicity, I have recognised that I need to increase my accomplishments for fostering patient self-efficacy. Patient assurance is cardinal to successful behavior alteration and although I feel satisfied with my attack to Sarah, it would hold been utile to hold possessed a larger repertory of techniques for heightening self-efficacy. I could besides profit from a greater apprehension of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which smoking causes COPD. Sarah was peculiarly interested in the physiological effects of smoke and whilst I could offer her basic information verbally, I needed to mention to information cusps for more elaborate penetration, which disrupted the ‘flow ‘ of conversation. I have started to research these issues via a hunt of the literature on behavior alteration and wellness publicity. As portion of this hunt, I have come across the construct of ‘implementation purpose ‘ ( Gollwitzer, 1999 ) . The theory behind this construct is that in order for person to implement a coveted behavior, it is necessary for them to invent a specific program that will increase their purpose to prosecute that behavior ( Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006 ) . This is an interesting technique that could be integrated into motivational interviewing and wellness publicity via the self-management attention programs presently provided. I intend to research this farther and to discourse it with a superior. Using Gibb ‘s brooding theoretical account to construction this history has helped me to recognize my strongest accomplishments and those that require farther development. I will endeavor to take a proactive attack to using this greater penetration into my professional abilities. How to cite Opportunistic Smoking Cessation Intervention Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Speech to Inform free essay sample

Did you ever wonder how grandma made that amazing holiday treat fudge? II. Today I am going to tell you where the holiday treat, fudge, came from, what you need to make traditional chocolate fudge, and how to make fudge. BODY I. The wonderful holiday treat all began right here in your home country, The United States. A. While many of our favorite sweets have ancient origins that date back thousands of years- fudge is a relatively recent invention. B. It was around 1886 fudge was first heard of. C. Emelyn Battersby Hartridge was a student at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York. D. Historians show that Emelyn wrote in a letter that a schoolmate’s cousin made fudge in Baltimore in 1886 and sold it for 40 cents a pound. 1. Emelyn then obtained the recipe, made 30 pounds of it and sold it at the Vassar Senior Auction. 2. The word of fudge spread all around the women colleges. 2. The word of fudge spread all around the women colleges. 3. It was later that Smith and Wellesley College each developed their own recipes for fudge. E. What exactly is fudge? 1. Fudge is actually a crystalline candy, unlike lollipops, caramels, and taffy, crystal formation is the key to making great fudge. 2. Tiny microcrystal’s of sugar is what gives fudge its firm smooth texture. 3. The secret to successful fudge is getting the crystals to form at the right time. 4. It is not the heating of fudge but the cooling of fudge that is important. a. Ultimately you want crystals to form but not during the heating. b. Letting the fudge cool undisturbed will let to crystals form at the right time. Transition: Now that you know where fudge came from and what exactly is fudge let me tell you about what exactly you need to make chocolate fudge. ) II. Not Many things are needed to make Chocolate fudge and it can be quick and easy. A. First you are going to need to take a trip to the local grocery store. 1. You need: 1 jar of marshmallow creme, Ba g of sugar, can of evaporate milk, and a bag of 12 oz. of milk chocolate. 2. Also you need: 2 sticks of butter and a bottle of vanilla extract. 3. Make sure you have a 8? 8 inch aluminum pan. 4. Another important thing that would come in handy is a can of non-stick spray. B. After visiting to grocery store you need to get all your ingredients out and ready to go. 1. A couple of kitchen tools are needed: first a candy thermometer. 2. If you do not own a candy thermometer local grocery stores have them located in the kitchen aisle. 3. Other tools needed include: a large saucepan and a wooden spoon. (Transition: Now that you know exactly what you need to make chocolate fudge lets go through the steps of actually making fudge. ) III. Making Chocolate fudge can be very tricky but if you follow directions you should have no problems. A. Take out all necessary ingredients and tools needed to make fudge. B. Take your 8? 8 and spray the pan with PAM to make sure your fudge does not stick to the sides or bottom of the pan. C. Now you can begin mixing things together. First turn on the stove to the high setting and begin adding 3 cups of sugar, then 1 ? sticks of butter, and 5 oz. of evaporated milk to the large saucepan. D. Mix together the sugar, evaporated milk, and butter. Do not let sit while the pan is heating up because when the mixture becomes hot it will start to burn and turn brown. E. Get out the candy thermometer. Let the sugar mixture go to a rolling boil, while the thermometer reaches a 234 ? F. 1. Never put the thermometer directly in the sugar mixture! 2. First put the thermometer in a separate container that is brought to a boil and registers 212 ? F then move it to the saucepan with the sugar mixture and wait for the desired temperature. F. After it reaches the correct degrees, remove the saucepan from the heat. G. Add the 12 oz. of milk chocolate and the marshmallow creme to the mixture. H. Continue to stir until everything is completely melted.

Memo Monitoring System Essay Example

Memo Monitoring System Essay Information Technology (IT) has become the order of the day in this 21st century. IT has grown very fast in this past years that in virtually everything we do there is a little bit of IT. Areas that have had a fair share of this technological impact include Banking and Finance, Airline transportation, healthcare delivery services and education. Thanks to IT everything is now simple and easy. The Ghana Revenue Authority currently maintains all the employees’ records manually, which is very expensive, tedious and time-consuming. For example, the employees’ memo details are with the human resource department, financial records are with the accounts department and memo’s about staff welfare is with the welfare department. This paper-based system takes a lot of time of the employees. Occasionally, the employees in the accounts department were finding difficult to manage memo, in its recent Annual General Meeting (AGM), the organization has decided to automate all types of record keeping, and provided easy to use programs for its employees. To overcome these problems faced by Ghana revenue authority, an electronic management system called â€Å"Memo Monitoring System (E MMSys)† is developed to automate all existing paper-based system of Ghana Revenue Authority as well as other back office activities. 1. 1 Aims and Objectives OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT The business goal for the development of the Memo Monitoring System (E-MMSys) application is to support and increase the productivity of the Authority. The application provides complete automation of all existing manual systems of Authority with the following objectives: ) Maintain an electronic record system of all current paper-based taxpayers and employee information; b) Enables easy access and fast retrieval of employee and administrative information. c) Provision of employee search facility. d) Generation of appropriate employee and administrative reports. e) The ability to send emails to employees. 1. 2 Project Category Application Software 1. 4 Scope of Projec t Project Scope and Features The Memo Monitoring System (MMsys) enables the processing of new memos, outgoing and incoming memos status, and its related information. We will write a custom essay sample on Memo Monitoring System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Memo Monitoring System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Memo Monitoring System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The main users of the MMsys system are administrative staff and booking counter employees of the Ghana Revenue Authority From an end-user’s perspective, the system consists of two functional elements: Security Module and Query Module. Security Module The Security Module includes security features like user management and application level password management as well as the following: * Maintains a user master each user is identified by a user name and user type. It is only an admin user who can create and edit user information. Password must be 6 characters long. * Password must be alpha numeric. * While creating a user, the system assigns a default password for the user. The user must change the default password at first login. * All login time stamps are stored in the system for security audit. * Access level, roles and privileges are set for different type of users. Query Module The query module generates screen information for a particular PRN No given. It shows all detai ls about memo handling including current status. The functionality of the Query Module is described in more detail later in this document. All these arrears of functionality are delivered in the first version of the Memo Monitoring System (MMsys). Individual module functionality is described in more detail later in the document. 1. 5 Tools/Platform Type| Software| Hardware| Work Station/ Node| 1. Windows XP or Higher2. VB Run time| 1. P-4 2. RAM -1 GB | Database Server| 1. Win2003 Standard Server or Higher| 1. P-42. RAM- 2GB3. Hard Disk-160GB| Application Server| 1. Win 2003 Advance Server or above| 1. P-42. RAM- 1GB3. Hard Disk-80GB| 1. 6 Limitation Project Limitations The following features are considered out of scope in this version (version 1. 0) of the Memo Monitoring System. Version 2. 0 shall however address these features and other functions deemed not feasible in the version 1. 0. Function| Comment| Version| Linking and integration of any legacy system for handling of records. | Required by management to control and maintain memo record activity| 2| Integration with other public organisation and government machinery. Helps to update and share the data| 2| Connection to third-party Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) applications. | Helps in performance reporting and forecasting. | 2| Sophisticated system to enable hosting of mmsys on the internet and connecting to all departments. | Enable global accessibility of the system. | 2| Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system between different departments. | Aimed to reduce costs and time in the data sharing. | 2| 1. 7 Methodolo gy Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the research methodology used to btain information from a representative sample of employees from the Ghana Revenue Authority on the various issues identified under the Problem Definition in Chapter 1. Questionnaires and semi-structure interviews were used to obtain the primary data from respondents and the project utilized the data from this source to address the research problem. Organization Interviews Due to a general scarcity of literature specifically related to the application of information technology in the Revenue organization, a face-to-face industry interviews was chosen in conjunction with the literature review. This approach was chosen to gain a better understanding of the main issues that confronted the revenue organization as well as what could impact the successful implementation an e-business solution within the revenue organization. Requirements Summary The following preliminary lists are based on the initial interview that was conducted with some management officials of the Ghana Revenue Authority. Chapter Two Literature Review Little research has been conducted into how information technology has successfully been implemented and the associated benefits specifically in the revenue organisation. Based upon a series of interviews held with revenue officers, operation managers, and administrative staff from the Ghana Revenue Authority, this project work puts forward a solution to automate the existing manual and semi-automated activities of the Ghana Revenue Authority. In the late 1991’s and early 21st century many organizations found that their Information Technology budgets have been rising dramatically with little evidence of the promised financial returns. Many references have expounded on the numerous potential benefits to be gained by e-business and new technology implementation. However, much of this literature appears to emanate from those with direct commercial interests, and little offers empirical analysis of early theoretical claims and promises. Revenue workers are not newcomers to communication technology, with many organizations having implemented a memo management system for some time. The e-business environment tends to be a â€Å"collaborative† one moving towards an integrated supply chain. This indicates that the greater risk and inhibitor for the memos may be their reluctance to collaborate. Little has been documented on the potential barriers to adopting e-business and information technologies due to this cultural shift. Anecdotal evidence indicates that sophisticated technology projects in transfer of document and memos have been delayed or failed due to these traditional â€Å"cultural/mindset† factors, along with a general conservative fear of sharing tacit knowledge with both competitors and partners. Despite numerous scares associated with the technology crashes in the late nineties, the market for e-business services continues to grow. It is clear that the transportation industry will continue to operate in an increasingly e-enabled environment in the future. The anticipation is that emerging e-business technologies will be used to create a more effective and efficient transport service. This will be achieved through the use of technology, such as scanning, real-time data access, data warehousing and data mining techniques, sophisticated applications and intelligent management information systems. 2. 1 Problem definition The Ghana Revenue Authority currently maintains all the employees’ records manually, which is very expensive, tedious and time-consuming. For example, the employees’ memo details are with the human resource department, financial records are with the accounts department and memo’s about staff welfare is with the welfare department. This paper-based system takes a lot of time of the employees. Occasionally, the employees in the accounts department were finding difficult to manage memo, in its recent Annual General Meeting (AGM), the organization has decided to automate all types of record keeping, and provided easy to use programs for its employees. 2. 2 Project planning 2. 3 Project Scheduling (Gantt chart/ PERT chart) GANTT CHART PERT CHART Chapter Three Design Methodology The purpose of this chapter is to provide the details of the solution concept that are associated with the Memo Monitoring System. The â€Å"MMSys† consists of: * Security Modules Security modules include security features like user management and application level password management. * Query Modules. A powerful query module give on screen information for particular PRN no, system user can view all information for particular memo in one screen by entering PRN no. System Architecture High Level Solution Architecture Data ACCESS Data Warehouse OLAP Access Data Access OLTP Access | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Search and Retrieval of Information Transactional Facade Retrieval Facade System Windows Application Microsoft VB Run Time Microsoft SQL ENGINE Database Engine Query 3. 1 Analysis (DFDs, ER diagrams/Class diagrams) Top Level DFD Received Memo Outgoing Memo - Train No Memo Monitoring System / Transit - Fare Rules - Stations PRN PRN Incoming Memo Sent Memo 1st Level DFD - Users Search PRN 1 - Memo in Transit Administration Returned Memo 3 - Employees Details 3. 2 A complete structure 3. 2. 1 Number of Modules 3. 2. 2 Data structures as per the project requirement for all modules AND Implementation Methodology Development Tools and Technologies Front End 1. Visual Basic 2008 Why Visual Basic 2008? Visual Basic is built on the Windows Server System to take major advantage of the Operating System which comes with a host of different servers. This allows for building, deploying, managing and maintaining Windows Based solutions. The Windows Server System is designed with performance as priority and it provides robustness, scalability and reliability. The advantage of VB. NET includes: * Powerful Windows-based Applications * Simplified Deployment * Powerful, Flexible, Simplified Data Access * Improved Coding * Direct Access to the OS Platform * Object-Oriented Constructs Back End 1. MS SQL Server 2008 Why MS SQL Server 2008? MS SQL Server 2008 is a desktop Relational Database Management System that supports small application development with features like relational query, different data types, joins, and query. It includes: * Easy to use and easy to deployment. * Integration with Windows OS * Scalability * Import and Export of data in all major database system. * Centralized Management * Reliability * Automating Tasks Development Environment 1. Visual Studio 2008 2. MS SQL Server Standard 2008 Design Goals and Constraints Performance No more than 10-percent degradation in average query response is allowed while all concurrent users are using the system. Processor utilization should not exceed 80 percent when all concurrent users are using the system. Availability Because the system is accessed by users at various offices and other administrative staff for customer query, there should not be any single point of failure. Reliability Because of the need for no single point of failure, automatic failover will be required. In addition, existing disaster recovery and backup plans as well as procedures must be revised to incorporate the memo monitoring system Scalability The memo monitoring System on an average will have a load of 35 concurrent users after the system is fully operational. This is expected to grow by 3 percent each year for the next five years. Security For sensitive member information, all users will need to log on to the system with their user username and password. Every resource in the system is defined by a role and a privilege. System administrator assigned user roles and privileges for access rights. Use Case Model: Manage Users Administrator Update Navigate Users User Modify Details Apply Validation Use Case Model: Manage outgoing and incoming memo User Administrator Transaction Incoming memo Outgoing Memo Validation Supervisor Memo in Transit 3. 2. 4 List of report Chapter Four System Implementation 4. 1 Implementation of security mechanisms at various levels. Chapter Five Future scope and further enhancement of the project This project was developed to fulfill user and business requirement; however there are lots of scopes to improve the performance of the Memo Monitoring System especially in the area of user interface, database performance, query processing time etc. In line with the above, there are many arrears of functionality for the future enhancement of this project. The future enhancements that are possible in the Version 1. 1. 0 of this project are: * Integration with other public organization through Web Services; * Connection to third-party OLAP applications; * Data and system security; * Online tips and help functionalities. * Query optimization. Appendix Terms Definition Source Codes Bibliography/References CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 3 BACKGROUND STUDY Information Technology (IT) has become the order of the day in this 21st century. IT has grown very fast in this past years that in virtually everything we do there is a little bit of IT. Areas that have had a fair share of this technological impact include Banking and Finance, Airline transportation, healthcare delivery services and education. Thanks to IT everything is now simple and easy. The Ghana Revenue Authority currently maintains all the employees’ records manually, which is very expensive, tedious and time-consuming. For example, the employees’ memo details are with the human resource department, financial records are with the accounts department and memo’s about staff welfare is with the welfare department. This paper-based system takes a lot of time of the employees. Occasionally, the employees in the accounts department were finding difficult to manage memo, in its recent Annual General Meeting (AGM), the organization has decided to automate all types of record keeping, and provided easy to use programs for its employees. To overcome these problems faced by Ghana revenue authority, an electronic management system called â€Å"Memo Monitoring System (E MMSys)† is developed to automate all existing paper-based system of Ghana Revenue Authority as well as other back office activities. 1. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. 5. 1 RECORD: An item or collection of data. 1. 5. 2 DATABASE: A database is an organized collection of data, today typically in digital form. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of offices in organization), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for example, sending an information around about vacancies in the organization). 1. 3 PROBLEM DEFFINITION Ghana Revenue Authority maintains all the employees and accounting records manually, which is expensive, tedious and time-consuming. People need to look in different places to get different bits of information. For example, the employees personal details are with the human resource department, the financial records are with the accounts department and staffs welfare memo is with the welfare department. The paper-based systems take a lot of time of the employees. Occasionally, the employees in the accounts department were finding difficult to manage data, in its recent Annual General Meeting (AGM), the organization has decided to automate all types of record keeping, and provided easy to use programs for its employees. . 4 REQUIEREMENT (SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE): 1. 4. 1 HARDWARE * RAM 3GB or Greater * PROCESSOR 2. 0GHz 1. 4. 2 SOFTWARE * ORACLE (Back End) * VISUAL BASICS (Front End) 1. 4. 3 OPERATING SYSTEM: Windows Vista Professional or Windows 7 Professional/Ultimate 1. 5 OBJECTIVES The business goal for the development of the Memo Monitoring System (E-MMSys) application is to support and increase the productivity of the Authority. The application provides complete automation of all existing manual systems of Authority with the following objectives: ) Maintain an electronic record system of all current paper-based taxpayers and employee information; g) Enables easy access and fast retrieval of employee and administrative information. h) Provision of employee search facility. i) Generation of appropriate employee and administrative reports. j) The ability to send emails to employees. 1. 6 LIMITATIONS The Memo Monitoring System (E MMSys) currently does not permit the simultaneous use of the application by more than 70 users. 1. 7 METHODOLOGY Microsoft Access was used as the platform to design Memo Monitoring System (E MMSys). The Database has the following components. * Fifteen(15) Tables * Twenty (20) Forms * Twenty Five (25) Queries * Fifteen(15) Reports * Nineteen (19) Micros CHAPTER TWO 2. 1LITERATURE REVIEW Information Technology (IT) has become the order of the day in this 21st century. IT has grown very fast the past years that everything we do is made possible and very efficient by IT. An example of this impact is seen in areas such as hospital patients records system, banking customers account information of which Ghana revenue authority is no exception. Little research has been conducted into how information technology has successfully been implemented and the associated benefits especially in staff record management system. Based upon a series of interviews held with management and staff of Ghana Revenue Authority, this project work puts forward a solution to automate the existing manual and semi-automated activities of Ghana Revenue Authority. In the late 1990’s and early 21st century many organizations found that the management of their institutions could achieve significant productivity if Information Technology was effectively utilized (Sethi et al. 993). Many references have expressed the significant impact and the numerous potential benefits to be gained by e-business and new technology implementation. (Barnes et al. 2002). Memo Monitoring System (E MMSys) is not new to communication technology, with many institutions having implemented an electronic record management system for a number of years. (Smith et al. 2003b) . 2. 2 BENEFITS TO THE MEMO MONITORING SYSTEM Memo Monitoring System (E MMSys) will help automate Ghana revenues’ records and free movement of memos. Firstly finding information of a particular job schedule of an employee, a group of managers or department’s information will be very easy since all of their information are in the database and can be fetched easily. * Secondly manipulations of records by outsiders or by employees will be minimized since the security of this database will be very effective. * Thirdly receipts can be generated by this same database. There wouldn’t be any error like writing of memos since it will be generated by the database. 2. 3 BENEFITS TO THE ORGANIZATION * The ability to send emails and memo to employees. Provision of employee and Human Resource search facility. * Locate the in and out flow of memos easily. * Reduce cost of sending Memo manually. Memo Monitoring System (E-MMSys) will help automate Ghana Revenue Authority memo r ecords. * Firstly finding information of a mail project a group of employees or an employee or a faculty member will be very easy since all of their information are in the database and can be fetched easily. * Secondly manipulations of records by outsiders or by officers will be minimized since the security of this database will be very effective. Employees will be able to know what they are supposed to send and receive every year without any delay or any form of file mismanagement and they can check out their job schedule even before work begins. 2. 4. CONSTRAINS * Other organizations can’t use this unless I redesign. Cost is effective. * Getting people to train for the usage of the database. * Paying some one personally to use till the workers get trained. CHAPTER THREE SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 3. 1SYSTEM DESIGN MYSQL and Visual Basics were used as the platform to design MMSys. The Database has the following components. * Fifteen(13) Tables * Twenty (10) Forms * Sixteen(1 0) Queries * Fifteen(10) Reports * Nineteen (11) Micros * MMSys was developed to meet the demands of G. R. A. 3. 2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS * Collection of data: Before the database was created G. R. A was visited to collect data on both employees and day-to-day activities. Some records were check and studied and necessary data was collected. * Business system option: I decided to use mysql and visual basics for the database and the forms. Because it will be easier for the employees to use, too much time won’t be spent on training and cost will as well be cut down. * Requirement specifications: With mysql I started creating fields and columns, and the tables followed. I created tables for the employees as a whole. 3. 3 DATABASE DESIGN DATABASE TABLE RELATIONSHIP CHAPTER FOUR 4. 1. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION Here the system is installed in the live environment and it involves different steps which are; user’s acceptance and guidelines, user training, implementation and business review. The Implementation phase covers the cutover from the development environment to the operational environment. This includes training the users who have not been part of the project team. For this project, no user is trained. Iteration of the Implementation phase is applicable when the system is being delivered to a dispersed user population over a period of time. The products of this phase include the Delivered System that contains all the agreed documentation, including the User Documentation. The User Documentation is completed in this phase but must have been started earlier during the Design and Build Iteration.

Cocaine Facts and Description

Cocaine Facts and Description Cocaine is benzoylmethylecgonine, a crystalline alkaloid from the coca plant. It acts as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, and anesthetic. Crack cocaine is another form of cocaine, a derivative of cocaine hydrochloride. Here are some useful cocaine facts and answers to common questions: What Does Cocaine Look Like? Powdered cocaine is a fine white powder. Street cocaine is cut with other substances to increase profit, so its appearance may be slightly different, depending on the type of impurity. How Is Powdered Cocaine Used? Powdered cocaine is most commonly snorted through the nose, though it may be dissolved in water and injected. Snorted cocaine produces a high within 3-5 minutes after use. Injected cocaine produces an effect within 15-30 seconds. Crack cocaine usually is smoked. Why Do People Use Cocaine? Cocaine is used because it produces euphoria, is a stimulant, suppresses appetite, and can be used as a pain reliever. It is highly addictive and leads to tolerance sometimes after one use, so increasing doses of cocaine are needed to achieve a high. What Are the Effects of Cocaine Use? Users typically feel a rush followed by a sense of alertness and well-being. Cocaine increases levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is associated with pleasure and increased movement. When the pleasant effects of cocaine wear off users may feel down or depressed, more than before taking the drug. Some users report being unable to duplicate the intensity of the first exposure with subsequent use. The stimulant effects of cocaine can lead users to feel anxious, restless, and irritable. What Are the Risks of Using Cocaine? Cocaine is highly addictive. Cocaine users are at risk for dangerously elevated blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature, risk of seizure, stroke, and cardiac arrest. Injecting cocaine can involve a risk of contracting HIV, hepatitis, and other blood-borne diseases. Where Does Cocaine Come From? Cocaine is derived from a paste from the coca plant, a species which grows in South America. Street Names for Cocaine BlowCNose CandyPowderNose PowderWhite PowderAspirinAuntBirdie PowderBolivian Marching PowderBouncing PowderCandy SugarDevils DandruffFast White LadyFlakeFlaveFoolish PowderFriskie PowderJoy PowderMarching PowderParibaPowder DiamondsShakeShrileSnowballSoftStar-Spangled PowderSugar BoogersUptownWhite BoyWhite DragonYao

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 288

Assignment Example Most companies, therefore, are willing to provide funds for NGO’s that conduct human causes. Such profit organizations also participate in marketing for their NGO partners. 3. Social media is an effective marketing strategy for young people since they spend a great deal of their time in such platforms. These privileged children are able to connect with the emotions of other children experiencing problems in other parts of the world. Using social media to reach older people is ineffective because older individuals prefer traditional modes of communication such as face-to-face conversations. 4. Invisible children’s impact should not be understated based on the funds they use on marketing as compared to the funds they use on actual groundwork. This is because the primary purpose of such an organization concerns with raising awareness about the ills in the society. In this sense, the organization attracts more funds than it would have, if it committed more time and resources to actual funding of ground activities. 5. In the films, the directors utilize different techniques in carrying out their stories. For instance, they involve music in narrating the horrendous stories (Invisible children Inc 1). The directors employ their own voice in projecting the emotions of war. The use of documentaries is an effective way of reaching most audiences because they articulate reality through vision and immediate

Reliability, Maintainability, and Supportability of COTS Research Paper

Reliability, Maintainability, and Supportability of COTS - Research Paper Example The use of COTS is wide spread across many business and governmental programs; this is because these products offer significant savings in maintenance, procurement and development. The motivation behind the usage of COTS a component includes reduced maintenance cost in the long run and hopes that the overall system cost and development, this is because components can be licensed or bought instead of developing them. COTS were considered remedies for intractable problems during the 1990s. COTS development came into being with tradeoffs which were not so obvious. An example been initial and development cost and time which not so much a problem can be reduced but at the expense of another. Such as depending on a third party who is to lease components and increase in the integration of software component works. Software specifications are encrypted externally so government agencies view that in the long run when changes are done to the product compatibility will be a hindrance (McKinney 23). COTS reliability can be verified using an analysis and reliability estimation technique applicable to high level designs. The technique is known as Scenario-Based Reliability Estimation (SBRE). SBRE is specific for COTS whose analysis is purely based on executable scenarios. While using scenarios, we construct a probability model known as Component Dependency Graph (CDG). These are graphs which represent component reliability, components, interface and link reliability, transition probabilities, transitions, components average time of execution. In CDG, components link and interface reliabilities are given focus as the first class elements to be put in the model. The reliability of the application is analyzed by an algorithm presented its analysis also include; reliability of its interface and components. The SBRE algorithm identifies critical component interface and critical components by interpolating the sensitivity of the application reliability to changes in the interface and components. To ensure a software application is reliable is a difficult task even if it was commercially pretested therefore, there has been the emergence of several techniques for analysis and estimation of components based application reliability. And they are categorized as: Component Based Reliability Estimation - the reliability of the application is estimated using the individual’s components reliability and interconnection mechanism. System Level Reliability Estimation – applications reliability is estimated as a whole. For example using system level architecture evaluation or system testing (Ammar, H , et al, 2004) Underestimating the technical risk associated with evaluation, integration and selection of software components can result to high maintenance/development cost and long schedule delays. Trends in computer based products, such as mobile phones and vehicles, is shorter lifecycles and shorter. Therefore, time spent on the development of new versions of a product or new products must be reduced. A solution to one of the emerging problems is reusing of solutions and software designs in new versions of products and systems. Properly handling reuse will greatly improve the reliability since the code is executed in a different context and longer time. However, reuse is not trivial; it puts strong demands on the methods of development in order to achieve success. Reuse

Improving Performance through Learning, Coaching & Development Essay

Improving Performance through Learning, Coaching & Development - Essay Example Recruiting and retaining good performers in this industry is faced with much difficulty as the attrition rate is very high compared to other industries. So to retain and attract high performing employees, especially when there is high competition in this industry, it is important for the company to design and implement an effective training and development system which will help the company to support the employees growth and aspirations and also give the company a competitive advantage over the other players in the industry. Training and development plays a critical role in making a call center work successfully by ensuring a positive work environment and ensures the satisfaction of employees by supporting and guiding them and thereby providing them opportunities to grow. The report is being designed with the objective of improving the performance of the employees through an effective process of training and development in Endeavour, an outsourcing company operating in the UK and in India with approximately 5000 employees across the three sites maintained by the business. Identification of Training and Development needs The main drivers of a training and development program in an outsourcing business are new business opportunities, changes in customer requirements, management planning and changes in technology (Mayben, 1999, p.293). Taking up new business opportunities create the need for additional training and awareness. Often the launch of a new product or aiming at a new target group require proper training to be imparted to the call center agents. Industry issues arising newly also require additional training to review the processes and the work systems. Management planning is required in areas of resource management, specific technologies, queuing processes and real-time management. To support managers in these areas continuous training and development should be imparted so that the managers are aware of the new trends and developments in the industry. T he introduction of new technologies in the business often requires training to be given to the employees to make them skilled to operate new systems and use unique technologies like reporting systems, online desktop tools and specialized telephones (Holman, 2000, p. 69). Also the soft skills of pitching a product, selling through different media and customer service are taught to the employees through new training programs. The increase in the level of customer expectations may often lead to unsatisfied customers. Training should be given in these cases to redefine the processes and the systems. Political or regulatory changes often lead to customers asking questions and the agents are liable to answer. So, they must be trained to handle these concerns so as to save the company from any negative publicity or legal action (Solomon, 2001, p.17). The competition in this industry is high making it difficult to retain skilled employees. The need to retain talent within the organization i s another important driver for training systems. The key objectives of a call center training process include the alignment with the organizational objectives involving senior management guidance, improving quality and

Antacids Structure and Uses

Antacids Structure and Uses Antacids are medications that increase the pH balance in your stomach. A number of symptoms, including heartburn, gastritis, and gastro -esophageal reflux disease (GERD), can be treated with them. In most cases, antacids start working within a few minutes. It is important to note that they may not always be necessary, and they can have serious consequences if used improperly. The most common of these bases are hydroxides, carbonates, or bicarbonates. The following table contains a list of the active ingredients found in several common commercial antacids, and the reactions by which these antacids neutralize the HCl in stomach acid. Compound Chemical Formula Chemical Reaction Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 Al(OH)3(s) + 3 HCl(aq) > AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l) Calcium carbonate CaCO3 CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) > CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 MgCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) > MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) > MgCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l) Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) > NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) What Are Antacids? How Do They Work? Types of Antacids Is Simethicone an Antacid? What Are Antacids Used For? When to Consult Your Doctor About Antacids Final Thoughts on Antacids Working of antacids The opposite of an acid is a base, and thats exactly what an antacid is. Antacids make you feel better by increasing the pH balance in your stomach. The pH system is a scale for measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a given environment (in this case, your stomach). The scale goes from  0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. Below 7 is acid. Above 7 is alkaline Normally, the acid level in your stomach is about 2 or 3. Trouble may start when your pH drops below those numbers. To make you feel better, an antacid need not bring the pH level all the way up to 7 (neutral), which would be a highly unnatural state for your stomach. In order to work, all the antacid has to do is get you to 3 or 4. It does this by neutralizing some of the excess acid.   Due to several complex factors, a base cant neutralize your acid all by itself. A base needs some chemical helpers, or ingredients, to accompany it as it neutralizes the acid in your stomach. All antacids contain at least one of these four primary ingredients: Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminum. Antacids are medications that increase the pH balance in your stomach. A number of symptoms, including heartburn, gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can be treated with them. In most cases, antacids start working within a few minutes. It is important to note that they may not always be necessary, and they can have serious consequences if used improperly. What Are Antacids? Antacids are medicines that work by increasing the pH balance in your stomach. Americans currently spend close to $1 billion per year on antacids. This is because antacids can quickly relieve the symptoms associated with occasional heartburn and indigestion. Though they cause problems for some, antacids can be taken safely by most people. Consumers who use antacids only once in a while, and as directed, are unlikely to experience significant side effects. But antacids may not always be necessary, and they can have serious consequences if used improperly. Frequent and prolonged use can cause irreparable harm to your heart, kidneys, or bones. Even if used occasionally and in moderation, antacids can cause problems for people with special medical conditions. How Do They Work? The opposite of an acid is a base, and thats exactly what an antacid is. Antacids make you feel better by increasing the pH balance in your stomach. The pH system is a scale for measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a given environment (in this case, your stomach). The scale goes from  0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. Below 7 is acid. Above 7 is alkaline. Normally, the acid level in your stomach is about 2 or 3. Trouble may start when your pH drops below those numbers. To make you feel better, an antacid need not bring the pH level all the way up to 7 (neutral), which would be a highly unnatural state for your stomach. In order to work, all the antacid has to do is get you to 3 or 4. It does this by neutralizing some of the excess acid. Due to several complex factors, a base cant neutralize your acid all by itself. A base needs some chemical helpers, or ingredients, to accompany it as it neutralizes the acid in your stomach. All antacids contain at least one of these four primary ingredients: Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminum. Types of Antacids As mentioned above, antacids have four types of ingredients. Within these four types, there are many different brands. Below we discuss each type, name several brands, and discuss their possible side effects. Sodium Antacids (Alka-Seltzer, Bromo-Seltzer, and Others) Sodium bicarbonate (commonly known as baking soda) is perhaps the best-known of the sodium-containing antacids. It is potent and fast-acting. As its name suggests, it is high in sodium. If youre on a salt-restricted diet, and especially if the diet is intended to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), take a sodium-containing antacid only under a doctors orders. Calcium Antacids (Tums, Alka-2, Titralac„ ¢, and Others) Antacids in the form of calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate are also potent and fast-acting. Regular or heavy doses of calcium (more than five or six times per week) can cause constipation. Heavy and extended use of this product may clog your kidneys and cut down the amount of blood they can process. Extended use of calcium antacids can also cause kidney stones. Magnesium Antacids (Maalox, Mylanta, Riopan, Gelusil, and Others) Magnesium salts come in many forms carbonate, glycinate, hydroxide, oxide, trisilicate, and aluminosilicate. it has a mild laxative effect; it can cause diarrhea. For this reason, magnesium salts are rarely used as the only active ingredients in an antacid, but are combined with aluminum, which counteracts the laxative effect. (The brand names listed above all contain magnesium-aluminum combinations.)Like calcium, magnesium may cause kidney stones if taken for a prolonged period, especially if the kidneys are functioning improperly to begin with. A serious magnesium overload in the bloodstream (hypermagnesemia) can also cause blood pressure to drop, leading to respiratory or cardiac depression a potentially dangerous decrease in lung or heart function. Antacids are medications that increase the pH balance in your stomach. A number of symptoms, including heartburn, gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can be treated with them. In most cases, antacids start working within a few minutes. It is important to note that they may not always be necessary, and they can have serious consequences if used improperly. Aluminum Antacids (Rolaids, Alternagel , Amphojel, and Others) Salts of aluminum (hydroxide, carbonate gel, or phosphate gel) can also cause constipation. For these reasons, aluminum is usually used in combination with the other three primary ingredients.   Used heavily over an extended period, antacids containing aluminum can weaken bones, especially in people who have kidney problems. Aluminum can cause dietary phosphates, calcium, and fluoride to leave the body, eventually causing bone problems such as osteomalacia or osteoporosis. It should be emphasized that aluminum-containing antacids present virtually no danger to people who have normal kidney function and who use these products only occasionally and as directed. Uses of Antacids Antacids can be used to treat a number of common symptoms in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Some of these antacid uses include: Indigestion Gastritis Heartburn Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) Peptic ulcer. Indigestion Indigestion is a fuzzy word that is often used to refer to vague abdominal discomfort. It is also referred to as: Sour stomach Acid indigestion Upset stomach Acid stomach. Gastritis Gastritis is a condition that occurs when your stomach lining becomes inflamed by too much acid secretion. Heartburn Heartburn occurs when the stomachs contents, including its corrosive juices, go into reverse and come back up the esophagus (known as acid reflux or gastro- esophageal reflux). Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease If you experience gastro esophageal reflux frequently, then you may have something called gastro esophageal reflux disease, or GERD for short. Peptic Ulcer If the location of the burning sensation is a little lower, and if it stays around formore than a few days, you could have a peptic ulcer. An ulcer is simply a sore in your stomach that keeps getting irritated by stomach acid. Side effects Excess calcium from supplements, fortified food and high-calcium diets, can cause the milk-alkali syndrome, which has serious toxicity and can be fatal. In 1915, Bertram Sippy introduced the Sippy regimen of hourly ingestion of milk and cream, the gradual addition of eggs and cooked cereal, for 10 days, combined with alkaline powders, which provided symptomatic relief for peptic ulcer disease. Over the next several decades, the Sippy regimen resulted in renal failure, alkalosis, and hypercalemia, mostly in men with peptic ulcer disease. These adverse effects were reversed when the regimen stopped, but it was fatal in some patients with protracted vomiting. Milk alkali syndrome declined in men after effective treatments were developed for peptic ulcer disease. But during the past 15 years, it has been reported in women taking calcium supplements above the recommended range of 1200 to 1500  mg daily, for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and is exacerbated by dehydration. Cal cium has been added to over-the-counter products, which contributes to inadvertent excessive intake. The New England Journal of Medicine reported a typical case of a woman who arrived in the emergency department vomiting and altered mental status, writhing in pain. She had consumed large quantities of chewable antacid tablets containing calcium carbonate. She gradually recovered. Compounds containing calcium may also increase calcium output in the urine, which might be associated with kidney stones. Calcium salts may cause constipation. Other adverse effects from antacids include Carbonate: regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may result in altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones. A chemical reaction between the carbonate and hydrochloric acid may produce carbon dioxide gas. This causes gastric distension which may not be well tolerated. Carbon dioxide formation can also lead to headaches and decreased muscle flexibility. Aluminum hydroxide: may lead to the formation of insoluble aluminium-phosphate-complexes, with a risk for hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. Although aluminium has a low gastrointestinal absorption, accumulation may occur in the presence of renal insufficiency. Aluminium-containing drugs may cause constipation. Magnesium hydroxide: It has laxative properties. Magnesium may accumulate in patients with renal failure leading to hypermagnesemia, with cardiovascular and neurological complications. See Milk of magnesia. Sodium: increased intake of sodium may be deleterious for arterial hypertension, heart failure and many renal diseases. Side effects from antacids vary depending on individual and other medications they may be taking at the time. Those who experience side effects most commonly suffer from changes in bowel functions, such as diarrhea, constipation, or flatulence. Although reactions to any drug may vary from person to person, generally those medications that contain aluminum or calcium are the likeliest to cause constipation, those that contain magnesium are the likeliest to cause diarrhea. Some products combine these ingredients, which essentially cancels them out, to forestall unpleasant side effects. In general, people with kidney problems should probably not take antacids as this can sometimes cause a condition known as alkalosis. In other people, side effects may occur if substances such as salt, sugar, or aspirin, are added to a particular medication. As with all medications, always carefully read the product label on the package and check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any question about potential drug interactions or side effects. Some side effects, such as constipation and diarrhea, are fairly obvious. Other more serious side effects, such as stomach or intestinal; bleeding, can be more difficult to recognize. In general, any sign of blood in the stool or the presence of vomiting is a danger sign and should be brought to the immediate attention of a physician. If your symptoms persist for more than 10 days to two weeks while you are using the medication, you should stop taking it and consult your doctor. Persistent symptoms may indicate that you have more a serious problem than occasional acid reflux. Pregnant or nursing baby should always consult your doctor before taking this medication. Generally, you should not give these medications to children under the age of 12 unless under the advice and supervision of your doctor or the package label has indicated that the product is safe for young children Antacids (The Truth About Antacid) Im sure you know of someone who suffers from heartburn on a regular basis and takes antacids like theyre candy. It might even be you. Most people think the answers to all their stomach problems can be resolved by taking over-the-counter antacids. In reality, their digestive problems typically stem from low stomach acid, very few digestive enzymes, and huge meals that were not chewed well enough. These meals cause food to sit in the digestive tract longer than they should. As a result, food ferments, causing gas and bloating when it is not properly digested. As gases rise and reach the esophagus, they cause pain in the chest that some say feels like a heart attack. Too much gas causes the valve that keeps the stomach contents out of the esophagus to stretch. This spills acid into the esophagus, causing the stinging sensation other wise known as heartburn. Taking an antacid medication may temporarily ease the burning sensation since it reduces stomach acid. When this is done, improper food digestion occurs, and then ferments. Then the whole problem starts all over again. By using antacids to control stomach acid, the stomach compensates by providing more acid. Below I have outlined common ingredients in antacids and their effects on our body. Please read carefully through them. It is amazing that, especially if taken in large doses, antacids can be harmful to your health! Aluminum salts: These salts interfere with the absorption of phosphates. This can lead to constipation, loss of appetite, weakness, and bone damage. Aluminum salts can aggravate patients with Alzheimers disease, kidney disease, those who are dehydrated, and those with certain bone disorders. Calcium salts: In excess, calcium sales can cause constipation, urinary tract disorders, headaches, mood changes, muscles weakness, and nausea. Sodium bicarbonate: This has a laxative effect. Sodium bicarbonate can also affect blood pressure and cause swollen feet and legs. In addition, antacids can interfere with the absorption of vitamins and medication, especially antibiotics. Antacids that contain magnesium can be dangerous when given to people who have a kidney disease. It can also be dangerous for those who suffer from dehydration. I have read that antacids block the vitamin B12â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦the most vital vitamin for the human brain. Researchers believe that the lack of vitamin B12 in the brain may be one cause of Alzheimers disease. If indeed you have osteoporosis or are at risk, or if you are a child, you should never take antacids. I am in the process of putting out 10 proven tips that will reduce your heartburn within a very short period of time. I too have suffered from years and years of agonizing heartburn and it is my pleasure to share these secrets to you. Until recently, I learned the truth about antacids and some proven methods of curing heartburn. Let face it, if you are going to settle for treating heartburn instead of curing it, youll be wasting your money! This method of treatment will bring absolutely no long term effects and a possibility of esophagus cancer could occur. In our next newsletter, I will discuss 10 techniques to conquering heartburn. Antacids are medications that increase the pH balance in your stomach. A number of symptoms, including heartburn, gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can be treated with them. In most cases, antacids start working within a few minutes. It is important to note that they may not always be necessary, and they can have serious consequences if used improperly. Is Simethicone an Antacid? Some antacids contain an ingredient called simethicone, a gastric defoaming agent that breaks up gas bubbles, making them easier to eliminate from your body. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) says simethicone is safe and effective in combination with antacids for relief of intestinal gas associated with heartburn. Not all antacids contain simethicone. If you are looking for relief of symptoms associated with gas, read the antacids label carefully to make sure it contains simethicone. What Are Antacids Used For? Antacids can be used to treat a number of common symptoms in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Some of these antacid uses include: Indigestion Gastritis Heartburn Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD for short) Peptic ulcer. If antacids fail to relieve symptoms of any of these conditions within 10 to 15 minutes, or if symptoms are severe, you should visit your doctor.

How animal research has advanced the understanding of depression :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Animal models have made numerous progresses in the last century. This type of research has made a difference in the way we look at psychological issues such as depression. This paper is a review of the literature on animal models of depression. The issue of what advances have been made will be explored. The effects of serotonin on many issues have been studied. In this paper stress, learning, memory, brain derived neurotrophic factor, ovarian hormone withdrawal, and effects of certain drugs will be looked at. Let’s look at stress and serotonin first. Stress   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A study done by Grippo, Sullivan, Damjanoska and colleages (2004) shows that chronic mild stress provokes behavioral and physiological changes and may change serotonin receptor function in rats. In this study sixty four Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Half were male and the other half were female. The following stimuli were used as stressors which include:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Continuous light for 2 12 hour periods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Forty degree tilt along vertical axis of cage for 6 hour period   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paired housing for a 16 hour period and 4 hour period   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Damp bedding with 300 mL water spilled on bedding for 16 hour period   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water deprivation for 16 hour period   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Empty water bottle following 16 hour water deprivation for 1 hour   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stroboscopic light with 300 flashes a minute for a 6 hour period and 4 hour period   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  White noise at approximately 90 dB for 4 hour period of continuous noise and a 3 hour period with random intermittent noise All the stressors were given over a period of one week, and randomly presented for 3 additional weeks for a total of 4 week trial. All the rats were injected with a receptor agonist and were decapitated 15 minutes after the injection for the trunk blood. The 4 week trial resulted in the rats showing signs of depression, and satisfied adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) responses to the receptor agonist. The trials also sparked a lack of pleasure in both male and female rats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another studied related to stress was done by Gregus, Wintink, David and Lalynchik (2005). This study looked at corticosterone injections and stress and how this relates to depression. Sixty naà ¯ve Long-Evans male rats were used. The rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups and were given corticosterone injections (CORT), vehicle injections, repeated restraint stress and repeated handling. These treatments were given for 21 days. The CORT group and vehicle group were given injections at random times during the light and dark cycles.

Cultural Differences and Emotional Intelligence Essay

During an the assessment of several countries, values of open-mindedness, inclusion, respect and tolerance are more likely to be attained within a prospectus that encourages the increase of Emotional Intelligence (EI). In this research paper, the role of EI in determining leadership effectiveness was reviewed to explain emotional characteristics specific to five countries: Nigeria, Mexico, Russia, Argentina, and China. These countries were included in a study called Project Globe. GLOBE is the acronym for Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness. In this study, four cultural clusters were utilized, and the role of emotional intelligence was evaluated in determining leadership effectiveness. Emotional Intelligence was appraised more favorably than technical skills and cognitive skills, especially when referring to social skills, and transformational/charismatic leaderships were preferred across cultures. The intent of the collaborative effort of Team 4 was to explore the cultural values and practices in five different countries and to identify their impact on organizational practices and leadership attributes. One way to explore cultural similarities in the world is to study cultural clusters which are a group of countries that share many similarities. The countries in a cluster are more like each other than another country from outside the cluster (Javidan & House, 2002). A study conducted by the consulting firm KPMG (Project Globe) tested the proposition linking EI and cross-cultural leadership by surveying managers from four cultural clusters (Anglo, Latin European, Eastern European, and Southern Asian). Project GLOBE was a multi-phase, multi-method research project in which some 170 investigators from over 60 cultures representing all major regions in the world joined forces to examine the interrelationships between societal culture, organizational culture, and organizational leadership. Clustering of nations was a real-world way to depict intercultural similarities as well as intercultural differences- 61 nations were categorized into 10 distinct clusters. Four clusters and their respective leadership styles and traits were evaluated: the Anglo cluster; the Latin Europe cluster; the Eastern European cluster; and the Southern Asia cluster. The Anglo Cluster included Australia, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa (Nigeria), and the United States of America. These countries are all developed nations, predominantly English speaking, and among the wealthiest countries in the world. Charismatic, team-oriented, and participative leadership styles were perceived to be the most effective in the Anglo Cluster. The charismatic leadership behaviors included being visionary, motivating, and appealing to the fundamental values of followers. Self-awareness of interactive skills may be a crucial component to manager effectiveness in high power Anglo cultures. Each national culture carries definite leadership behaviors that are perceived to be applicable for that specific country. Being charismatic in Australia can sometimes conflict with the importance of impartiality for successful leadership-therefore, a leader must be visionary and inspirational but still be viewed as â€Å"one of the boys† (Ashkanasy, Trevor-Roberts, & Earnshaw, 2002). The barometer for measuring someone’s level of emotional intelligence is a function that is used though domains that have been emphasized by analysts. Three tests that have been utilized are the ability model, the mixed-ability model, and the personality model. The ability model is measured with the Mayor-Salovey Emotional Intelligent Test using four types of abilities: perceiving emotions, using emotions, understanding emotions and managing emotions. The mixed ability model was used to test for emotional intelligence. The five main concepts of this measurement are self-awareness, social responsibility, adaptability, stress management and general mood. The personality model was used to measure a series of behavior test and is used more as a self-reporting test. The use of the emotional intelligence concepts in the workplace has increased business performance. Higher levels of emotional intelligence has resulted in better performance in certain areas in the workplace such as better participative management, putting people at ease, self-awareness, balance between personal life and work, straight forwardness and composure, building and mending relationships, decisiveness, confronting problem employees and change management. Managers can also be toxic for the workplace based on their attitudes-this is where the concept of resonance plays a vital part. The use of literature on emotional intelligence and its utilization is very minimal in Nigeria. There is no significant difference in occupational stress between secondary school teachers with low emotional difference and those with high emotional intelligence. The effect of emotional intelligence with work-family issues resulted in a conflict within the workplace. Emotional intelligence should be considered in employee selection and placement process for managerial effectiveness to be guaranteed-the managers with high emotional intelligence should be posted to highly challenging managerial positions and vice versa. Leadership qualities in Nigeria are very poor and implementing emotional intelligence can improve their economy. Improvement includes more intelligent Nigerian leaders who can improve the professional performance in their organizations through emotional intelligence. The perceptions of Nigerians can be shaped and made as a result of training in emotional intelligence which will produce Nigerian leaders who will lead by example. The Latin European cluster consists of France, French Switzerland, Italy, Portugal, Mexico, and Spain. In Latin Europe, charismatic/values-based, team oriented, and participative leadership were considered the most effective leadership attributes which included being visionary, inspirational, self-sacrificial, having integrity, decisiveness and performance orientation. Team-oriented leadership compromises collaboration, team integration, diplomacy, and administrative competence (Jesuino, 2002). Emotionally self-aware leaders can be candid and authentic, able to speak openly about their emotions or with conviction about their guiding vision (Goleman, Boyatzis, & McKee, 2002). This statement is true and can be seen in Mexico’s business practices. For example, in Mexico, emotions are not suppressed in business situations and discussions can appear to be hostile to those from a culture which frowns upon the any visible shows of emotion during business dealings (â€Å"Doing Business†, n. d. ). A visionary leader can impact this process positively by honoring the feelings and beliefs of the people around him, while steadfastly demonstrating the benefit of moving toward the company goal (Goleman et al. , 2002). This outward show of emotion is seen as a positive attribute and implies commitment and emphasis. Meetings are seen as opportunities for the free flow of ideas and information — although it is best to avoid very open disagreements with the most senior Mexican present as this could be construed as disrespectful and confrontational. Open signs of emotion, through the use of interruptions and speaking loudly, are seen as a sign of active engagement rather than an unnecessary loss of control. When a Mexican becomes highly emotional during a meeting one should not assume that they have lost their sense of professionalism (â€Å"Doing Business†, n. d. ). Emotion is an important factor that contributes to Mexican business meetings. Creating organizations that are emotionally intelligent is ultimately the leader’s responsibility. It is up to the leaders to help the organization identify its reality and assist their members to uncover their own roles in that vision (Goleman et al. , 2002). Social awareness-particularly empathy-is crucial for the leader’s primal task of driving resonance. By being attuned to how others feel in the moment, a leader is able to provide a sense of shared values and priorities that can guide the group. Empathy-which includes listening and taking other people’s perspective-allows leaders to tune into emotional channels between people that can create resonance (Goleman et al. , 2002). The Eastern European cluster encompassed Albania, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Argentina, Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, and Slovenia. In the Eastern European cluster, the key elements of successful leadership were compiled mostly of transformational-charismatic and team-oriented leadership. Participation has some historical roots in the region, as large consultative bodies combined with authoritarian leadership style has been a prevailing pattern in status conscious eastern societies. Extensive research and several studies have been conducted over the last decade in regards to emotional intelligence and leadership styles in Russia. Van Gardner (2010) stated, â€Å"this recent focus on developing organizational leaders is largely a result of the recent changes in the political and economic environments in Russia, following the country’s recovery and stabilization from its financial crisis of 1998† (Van Genderen, 2010, p. 77). A Leadership Dimensions Questionnaire (LDQ) was used to assess prevailing leadership styles. Three distinct leadership styles were identified: engaging leadership (transformational), involving leadership (participative) and goal leadership (transactional). The leadership’s success is a result of a threshold of cognition (IQ) and high levels of Emotional Intelligence (EQ)-the three paradigms IQ, EQ and MQ (managerial competencies) were highly correlated. An interesting result of the investigation was that no significant differences were found between the Russian men and women participating in the research (Van Genderen, 2010, p. 86). Human resources has become an important factor within an organization-the only sustainable competitive advantage organizations of the future will possess is the value added by their employees. Designing effective leadership development programs to foster such executives has been described as ‘the biggest challenge that looms in the new millennium for HR managers† (Van Genderen, 2010, p. 88). This holds true for all organizations. Instituting confidence and reciprocal respect establishes smooth transitions when conducting business transactions in Argentina. Serenity can guarantee accomplishment as it may take several visits to the country to finalize any business transactions. Dealing with organizational leaders is time-consuming due to the many levels of decision making combined with an enormous amount of bureaucracy. Generally, greetings among industry people is a handshake and a brief nod of the head. This is appropriate to both men and women. Once a connection has been made resulting in friendship, hugs and kisses become the standard form of greeting. Eye contact is encouraged and personal space is minimal; pulling back will create an atmosphere of untrustworthiness. The glue that holds people together in a team, and that commits people to an organization, is the emotions they feel (Goldman, Boyatzis, & McKee, 2004). The Southern Asia cluster consisted of India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, China, and Thailand. Transformational–charismatic and team-oriented leadership are perceived as the most effective leadership styles (Gupta, Surie, Javidan, & Chokar, 2002). Leaders are expected to act as patriarchs who help subordinates point towards more aspiring and mutual goals by ensuring their actions and decisions develop and maintain the team and family orientation in their organizations. The global leader needs to be open to arbitrations and viewpoints to make sure he/she does not alienate any group members. When it comes to China, four very different traditional Chinese leadership approaches are identified and discussed by Emotional Intelligence Expert Sebastien Henry. This discussion provides us a starting point for our analyses. The four historic leadership approaches Henry examines are: legalistic, strategic, naturalistic, and humanistic (Henry, 2009). It should be noted, according to Mr. Henry, â€Å"none of the four leadership styles give a lot of room to emotions when it comes to leading people. † (Henry, 2009) The legalistic approach (Han Fei Zi) was characterized as perhaps the most contradictory to the principals of emotional intelligence as there was the belief that man was â€Å"naturally evil and that strict rules and punishment were needed† (Henry, 2009. The strategic approach (Sun Tzu) is also not considered to be overly EQ aligned as, within this approach, thoughts on leadership were famously applied to the winning of battles with little focus on the use of emotions in other areas. Interestingly, the very famous book The Art of War, a famous ancient Chinese military work was authored by the high ranking military general Sun Tzu. In the naturalistic approach (Lao Zi–Chuang Zi), also known as the Taoist approach, the emphasis is on the spiritual development of the leader. â€Å"The accomplished leader is the one that followers barely notice: almost invisible, unassuming, but nurturing and always present, just like the Tao† (Henry, 2009). We find some of the concepts in the traditional naturalistic approach to perhaps represent a precursor to present day EI concepts, and although emotional intelligence expert Sebastien Henry concludes, â€Å"there is not a lot in the Dao De Jing ( ) about the emotional side of leadership except that the leader has to aim at ultimately reaching within herself a place of deep inner peace that emotions won’t affect,† which is precisely what we see as perhaps the precursor to current EI concepts (Henry, 2009). Lastly, the humanistic approach (Confucius, Mencius) is often believed to be the approach that is most closely aligned with emotions and the concepts being discussed by Goleman and other emotional intelligence experts. The concept of compassion, a concept many consider a fundamental principal of emotionally intelligent leadership, could be closely linked to the famous Confucian concept of benevolence which is fundamental to the humanistic, Confucian approach. Going forward, while it may or may not appear that the Chinese were overly concerned with emotional intelligence in their traditional leadership methods, recent developments indicate there is little chance the Chinese will be left behind in the exploration, experimentation, and utilization of the promising, performance enhancing benefits of emotional intelligence in the immediate future . Very recently, a Chinese Communist Party publication, the Study Times, published a 3000-word article entitled the Emotional Quotient and its Three Major Components. It seems clear this article was a response to Chinese President Xi Jinping’s public statement that â€Å"it isn’t one’s educational background, integrity, experience, or people you know that matters. What it takes to be a good communist leader President Xi said is Emotional intelligence† (Li, 2013) . Overall, any way you look at it, what seems clear is that in most Asian cultures-as well as in Latin America and some European countries-establishing a strong relationship is a prerequisite for doing business (Goldman, Boyatzis, & McKee, 2004, p. 64). The countries that participated in Project GLOBE provide to managers a meticulous instrument to help recognize the similarities and differences among various cultures worldwide. The most valuable message managers in any culture can take from this study is to take a proactive and positive approach to resolving issues, especially those involving cross-cultural issues. The findings and insights from Project GLOBE can and should at the very least be utilized to enlighten managers on how to better manage the conveyance of information and knowledge across cultural borders. References Ashkanasy, N. M. , Trevor-Roberts, E. & Earnshaw, L. (2002). â€Å"The Anglo Cluster: Legacy of the British Empire† Journal of World Business, Volume 37:1, 28-39. Doing Business in Mexico – Mexican Business Culture – Mexican Culture – World Business Culture. (n. d. ). World Business Culture: Key information on Business Culture in the World’s Leading 39 Economies. Retrieved Sept 5, 2013, from http://www. worldbusinessculture. com/Mexican-Business-Style. html. Goleman, D. , Boyatzis, R. , & Mckee, A. (2002). Primal leadership: Learning to lead with Emotional Intelligence. Boston, Mass. : Harvard Business School Press. Goleman, D. , Boyatzis, R. , & Mckee, A. (2002). Primal leadership: Realizing the power of Emotional Intelligence. Boston, Mass. : Harvard Business School Press. Goleman, D. , Boyatzis, R. , & McKee, A. (2004). Primal Leadership. Resonant leadership, 20. University of Birmingham Intranet. Retrieved on 1 Sept 2013 from: https://intranet. birmingham. ac. uk/as/employability/careers/international/country- profiles/argentina/business. aspx. Gupta, V. , Gita, S. , Javidan, M. , & Jagdeep, C. (2002). â€Å"Southern Asia Cluster: Where the Old Meets the New? † Journal of World Business, Volume 37:1, 16-27. Henry, S. (2009). Chinese Leadership and Emotional Intelligence. How Do Chinese Leaders Handle Emotions? Progress-U Limited. Retrieved on 8 Sept 2013 from: http://www. progressu. com/ezine-eq-for-leaders-2009-4. php Javidan, M. & House, R. (2002). â€Å"Leadership and Cultures around the World: Findings from GLOBE,† Journal of Business, Volume 37:1, 1-2. Jesuino, J. (2002). â€Å"Latin Europe Cluster; from South to North,† Journal of World Business, Volume 37:1, 81-89. Li, A (2013) South China Morning Post, Xi Jinping’s Emotional Intelligence Comments Spark Debate. Retrieved on 8 Sept 2013 from: http://www. scmp. com/news/china/article/1242750/xi-jinpings-emotional-intelligence-comments-spark-debate Margavio, T. M. , Margavio, G. W. , Hignite, M. A. , & Moses, D. R. (2012). A Comparative Analysis of the Emotional Intelligence Levels of American and Chinese Business Students, College Student Journal, 46(4), 776-787. Van Genderen, E. (2010). An Investigation into the Relationship between the Leadership Competencies, Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Styles of Russian Managers Working for MNCs. Retrieved from http://www. scielo. gpeari. mctes. pt/pdf/egg/vi5ni.